Compositions and method for increasing production of recombinant gamma-carboxylated proteins

ABSTRACT

Methods and cell lines for overexpressing functional gamma-carboxylated proteins are disclosed.

This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Applications 60/742,076 and 60/782,056 filed Dec. 2, 2005 and Mar. 14, 2006 respectively. Each of the foregoing applications is incorporated herein by reference herein as though set forth in full.

Pursuant to 35 U.S.C. §202 (c) it is acknowledged that the U.S. Government has certain rights in the invention described, which was made in part with funds from the National Institutes of Health, Grant Number HL69331.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the fields of medicine and blood coagulation disorders. More specifically the invention provides genetically engineered cell lines useful for high level production of proteins requiring gamma carboxylation for function, including but not limited to human clotting factors IX and VII.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Several publications and patent documents are cited throughout the specification in order to describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains. Each of these citations is incorporated by reference herein as though set forth in full.

Recombinant factors VII, VIIa, VIII, IX, and protein C are important pharmaceuticals useful in the treatment of traumatic bleeding complications (6), hemophilia (7), and sepsis (8). These proteins play important roles in the coagulation cascade (39), which comprises plasma and membrane proteins that are responsible for arrest of blood loss at sites of injury.

Factors VII, IX, and protein C belong to a family of vitamin K-dependent proteins that are modified post-translationally to contain γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla), Ca++ binding amino acid residues (2). The modification is carried out by the vitamin K-dependent γ-carboxylation system located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (2). Two essential enzymes of the system are 1) the vitamin K-dependent γ-carboxylase, an integral membrane protein of 92 kDA which requires reduced vitamin K (vit.K₁H₂) as cofactor and 2) the warfarin sensitive enzyme vitamin K 2,3-epoxide reductase (VKOR), which produces the cofactor (2).

A major problem with production of recombinant vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors for use as pharmaceuticals has been poor recovery of functional proteins from the cell medium (9). It has been shown that poor recovery results from, 1) incomplete γ-carboxylation of the secreted proteins (9) and 2) incomplete removal of the propeptide by the protease PACE/furin in the Golgi apparatus. Incomplete γ-carboxylation is a significant problem as <10% of the secreted recombinant vitamin K-dependent proteins have been reported to be fully γ-carboxylated and functional (9). It is believed that incomplete γ-carboxylation occurs when an excess of newly synthesized precursors of vitamin K-dependent proteins appear in the ER and exceed the capacity of the cell's γ-carboxylation system to fully modify all of the precursors (9).

Clearly, a need exists for improved methods for producing high levels of the coagulation factors discussed above. It is an object of the invention to provide such methods.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present invention, a method for the increased production of gamma-carboxylated proteins of interest is provided. An exemplary method comprises providing a cell line which has been recombinantly engineered to over-express VKORC1 and introducing a nucleic acid encoding the gamma-carboxylated protein of interest into the VKORC1 overexpressing cells under conditions wherein protein encoded by said nucleic acid is produced in enhanced yield relative to cells which do not overexpress VKORC1.

In yet another aspect, the method includes introducing a molecule into the cell which down regulates or inhibits calumenin function. In a preferred embodiment, siRNA molecules effective to reduce expression of calumenin are introduced into VKORC1-overexpressing cells. In another embodiment, antisense molecules which effectively down regulate calumenin expression may be employed for this purpose. Alternatively, cells from a calumenin knockout animal which also optionally overexpress VKORC1 can be utilized. In yet another aspect, calumenin mutant proteins exist which exhibit reduced function (e.g., calumenin wherein the arginine at position 4 in the signal peptide has been replaced with a glutamine). Accordingly, cells comprising such mutants and VKORC1 can be utilized in the methods disclosed herein. Gamma-carboxylated proteins which may be produced in enhanced yield according the methods of the invention, include, without limitation, hFIX, hFVII, hFX, protein C, protein S, Protein Z, growth arrest protein 6 (GAS6), PRGP1, PRGP2, TmG3, TmG4, osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein (MGP). The method can also include, isolation and optionally purification of the gamma-carboxylated protein. Also encompassed by the invention are methods of treating a patient having a blood coagulation disorder with a gamma-carboxylated coagulation protein produced using the methods disclosed herein.

In yet another embodiment of the invention, improved cell lines which produce gamma carboxylated proteins in high yield are provided. A preferred embodiment of the invention comprises an immortalized cell line for the production of gamma-carboxylated proteins containing a vector expressing VKORC1, molecules which down regulate calumenin function (e.g., calumenin specific siRNA molecules, calumenin specific antisense molecules,) and a nucleic acid encoding a gamma-carboxylated protein of interest. Alternatively, the overexpressing VKORC1 cell line may further comprise a vector expressing mutated calumenin. Finally, cells obtained from a calumenin knock out animal can be immortalized and further transfected with VKORC1 to enhance production of gamma carboxylated proteins. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the cell lines comprise BHK cells which over-express Factor IX or Factor VII.

Also encompassed by the present invention are plant cells and plants derived therefrom which have been genetically engineered to optionally express VKCOR1, a gamma-carboxylase, a gamma-carboxylated protein of interest and siRNA or calumenin-specific antisense molecules effective to reduce calumenin function or a plant homolog thereof. Additionally, calumenin expression in such cells can be absent or downregulated with the various protocols disclosed herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the effect of calumenin siRNA silencing on enzyme activities of the vitamin K-dependent γ-carboxylation system. BHK cells engineered to overexpress r-hFIX and VKORC1 were transfected with the various concentrations of siRNA SMART pool against hamster calumenin shown in the figure (see Experimental Procedures). After 48 hours, cells were harvested and tested for FLEEL γ-carboxylase activity triggered with chemically reduced vitamin K₁H₂ (panel A) and VKOR activity (panel B). Each bar represents the average activity of three parallel incubations and standard deviations are shown on top of the bars. Western blots of calumenin (48 kDa) present in the various siRNA SMART pool treated cells are shown as well as silencing of calumenin in % of the control with no siRNA. Western blotting of α-Actin verifies equal protein loading in the various lanes.

FIG. 2 shows the effect of calumenin siRNA silencing on production of functional r-hFIX by BHK cells engineered to overexpress r-hFIX and VKORC1. Functional and non-functional r-hFIX were purified from cell media obtained from BHK cells engineered to overexpress 1) r-hFIX only (Panel I, A) and 2) r-hFIX+VKORC1 that had not been treated (panel I, B) and treated (panel I, C) with 200 nM of the calumenin siRNA SMART pool (see Experimental Procedures). Panel I shows the production yield of functional r-hFIX obtained from the variously treated BHK cells. Panel H shows Coomassie blue stained factor IX proteins purified from 1)cell medium of BHK cells engineered to overexpress r-hFIX and VKORC1 and treated with 200 nM calumenin siRNA SMART pool (lane, r-HFIX), 2) human plasma factor IX (lane, HFIX) and 3) bovine plasma factor IX (lane, BFIX). Panel III shows Western blots of functional (Frc.EDTA) and non functional (Frc.Urea) r-hFIX purified from medium from BHK cells engineered to overexpress r-hFIX and VKORC1 (III, B) and medium from the same engineered cells treated with 200 nM of the calumenin siRNA SMART pool (III,C). The blots were developed with a factor IX antibody that does not discriminate between active and inactive protein. Each purified protein were Western blotted such that each blot represents the total amount of protein isolated.

FIG. 3 shows gamma-carboxylase activity triggered by reduced bovine RNAse. Rat liver microsomes extracted of luminal and peripherally bound membrane proteins (see Experimental Procedures) were tested for FLEEL γ-carboxylation when the reaction was triggered by reduced RNAse (black bar) and reduced vitamin K₁H₂ (shaded bar). When reduced RNAse was used, the test system contained 40 μM vitamin K₁ 2,3-epoxide as the source of the γ-carboxylase cofactor. No DTT was present in the assays. Each bar represents the average activity of three parallel incubations. Standard deviation is shown on each bar.

FIG. 4 shows bacitracin inhibition of reduced RNAse triggered VKOR activity. Extracted rat liver microsomes (see legend to FIG. 3) were tested for VKOR activity triggered with 0.32 mM reduced RNAse (panel B) and 5 mM DTT (panel A) present in the assay system. VKOR activities are presented as % of controls which contained no PDI inhibitor. The controls with DTT and reduced RNAse had 87% and 67% conversion of the epoxide to vitamin K1 respectively. Panel B shows reduced RNAse triggered VKOR activity in the presence of various concentrations of bacitracin. Panel A shows that bacitracin has no effect on DTT triggered VKOR activity. Each bar is the average activity of three parallel incubations and standard deviations are indicated as lines on top of the bars.

FIG. 5 shows biochemical identification of the PDI-VKORC1 enzyme complex. Extracted rat and human liver microsomes (see legend to FIG. 3) were solublized in buffer D containing 20 mM NEM per ml. Soluble proteins were transferred into RIPA buffer by gel filtration (see Experimental Procedures). Lane A, in Panel I, shows Coomassie blue stained proteins present in extracted rat liver microsomal membranes. Lane St. has standard proteins. Lane C shows a Western blot of the proteins in lane A with rat VKORC1 peptide antibodies. Lanes D and E show Western blots of extracted human and rat liver microsomes respectively with peptide antibodies raised against an epitope on human VKORC1 (see Experimental Procedures). Panel II, lane F shows a Western blot of an immunoprecipitate of the solubilized rat proteins isolated with monoclonal (mouse) PDI antibodies and developed with the same antibody as the first antibody and horse radish conjugated goat anti-mouse antibody as the second antibody. The sequence of precipitating and first antibody is shown. Rat PDI and the heavy (HIgG) and light (LIgG) chains of mouse IgG are visible. Panel II, lanes G.Ox. and G.Red show immunoprecipitates obtained with rat VKORC1 antibodies and their Western blots developed with the mouse PDI monoclonal antibody as the first antibody and horse radish conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG as the second antibody. The sequence of precipitating and first antibody is shown. Preparation of the samples before SDS-PAGE in 8-12% CRITERION gels is described in detail in Experimental Procedures. The samples in G.Ox and G.Red were not reduced and reduced with ME respectively prior to electrophoresis.

FIG. 6 shows that oxidative protein folding in the ER is linked to post translational γ-carboxylation of proteins. A hypothetical model of this process is shown. The ER localized chaperone, red/ox and isomerase protein PDI acquires reduced thioredoxin related CGHC centers in its effort to enforce correct oxidative folding of disulfide containing newly synthesized proteins. Reoxidation of reduced PDI by endoplasmic reticulum oxidasel (ERO1) is a major pathway for the continuous operation of PDI in oxidative folding. However our data suggest that some of the PDI proteins in the ER form stable complexes with the integral VKORC1 protein in the ER membrane. We propose that the PDI-VKORC1 protein complex is responsible for warfarin sensitive reduction of vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide to reduced vitamin. K1 H2, the essential cofactor for γ-carboxylase Gla modification of proteins.

FIG. 7 shows a flow scheme of immunoaffinity chromatography purification of functional and non functional r-hFIX from serum free media from engineered BHK cells. Individual media from BHK cells stably expressing r-hFIX and the various protein components of the vitamin K-dependent γ-carboxylation system were chromatographed on columns 1 and 2 as described below. Column 1 has conformational specific anti-hFIX antibodies attached which, in the presence of Ca⁺⁺, retains fully γ-carboxylated and functional r-hFIX. These variants of r-hFIX are eluted from the column with 50 mM EDTA and appear in Fraction 1. Column 2 has non-conformational specific anti-hFIX antibodies attached which retain the remaining non-functional r-hFIX present in the void volume fraction (VOID) from column 1. These variants of r-hFIX are released with urea, pH 4 as described in below and appear in Fraction 2.

FIGS. 8A and 8B show the protein (SEQ ID NO: 1) and cDNA sequences (SEQ ID NO: 2) of calumenin isolated from hamster. Antisense molecules which span the translational start site of cDNA sequence can also be used to down regulate calumenin expression.

FIG. 9 shows the genomic sequence of human calumenin. The intron/exon boundaries of the seven exon sequences are shown. Antisense molecules of approximately 15-50 nucleotides which hybridize to the intron/exon boundaries can be designed which are effective to down regulate calumenin expression, thereby enhancing gamma-carboxylated protein production. Another suitable target encompasses the translational start site.

FIG. 10 is a Western Blot of recombinant Factor VII. See Example 3 for details.

FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of the pRS shRNA vector.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Certain recombinant vitamin K-dependent blood coagulation factors (factors VII, IX and protein C) are valuable pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of bleeding complications. Because of their vitamin K-dependent post translational modification, their synthesis by eukaryotic cells is essential. The eukaryotic cell harbors a vitamin K-dependent γ-carboxylation system that converts the proteins to γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) containing proteins. However, the system in eukaryotic cells has limited capacity and cell lines over expressing vitamin K-dependent clotting factors produce only a fraction of the recombinant proteins as fully γ-carboxylated, physiologically competent proteins. In the present invention, we have used recombinant human factor IX (r-hFIX) producing cells, engineered to stably overexpress various components of the cell's γ-carboxylation system, to determine if increased production of functional r-hFIX can be accomplished. The BHK cell lines tested secreted the same amount of r-hFIX into serum free medium (16±2 μg/day/10⁶ cells). Overexpression of γ-carboxylase is shown to inhibit production of functional r-hFIX. On the other hand, cells over expressing VKORC1, the reduced vitamin K cofactor producing enzyme of the vitamin K-dependent γ-carboxylation system, produced 2.9-fold more functional r-hFIX than control BHK cells. The data are consistent with the notion that VKORC1 is the rate limiting step in the system and is a key regulatory protein in synthesis of active vitamin K-dependent proteins. The data indicate that over expression of VKORC1 can be utilized for increased cellular production of recombinant vitamin K-dependent proteins.

In yet another aspect of the invention, it has been discovered that reducing or inhibiting expression and/or function of the γ-carboxylation inhibitor calumenin also dramatically increases expression of functional r-hFIX in cells optionally overexpressing VKORC1. Calumenin specific siRNAs or antisense molecules are suitable for this purpose. Alternatively mutants of calumenin which lack function can also be utilized. Finally, the cell lines of the invention can be incubated in the presence of therapeutic agents which specifically down regulate calumenin function, thereby increasing the yield of gamma-carboxylated proteins.

The invention also includes methods of administration of an effective amount of the gamma-carboxylated proteins produced using the cell lines disclosed herein to a patient in need thereof. Certain proteins described herein modulate the blood coagulation cascade. Accordingly, once produced and purified, they can be used to advantage to treat patients suffering from hemophilia, traumatic bleeding, stroke, sepsis or thrombus formation. In yet another embodiment, plant cells are utilized to produce the gamma-carboxylated proteins of the invention. Introduction of heterologous proteins into plant cells can be achieved using PEG-fusion, biolistic delivery of exogenous DNA, or Agrobacterium mediated gene transduction. Recombinant methods for introducing heterologous nucleic acids into plant cells are well known to those of skill in the art. See for example, Current Protocols of Molecular Biology. Ausubel et al. eds. Plant cells will be engineered to express gamma-carboxylase, the gamma-carboxylated protein of interest and optionally, calumenin siRNAs. Plants regenerated from the plant cells described above are also within the scope of the invention.

Given the role played by calumenin in gamma-carboxylated protein production, whole animal models to study calumenin function are highly desirable. Thus, the invention also provides animals which are transgenic for calumenin expression.

The availability of calumenin encoding nucleic acids enables the production of strains of laboratory mice carrying part or all of the calumenin gene or mutated sequences thereof. Such mice provide an in vivo model for studying calumenin function. Alternatively, the calumenin sequence information provided herein enables the production of knockout mice in which the endogenous gene encoding calumenin has been specifically inactivated. Methods of introducing transgenes in laboratory mice are known to those of skill in the art. Three common methods include: 1. integration of retroviral vectors encoding the foreign gene of interest into an early embryo; 2. injection of DNA into the pronucleus of a newly fertilized egg; and 3. the incorporation of genetically manipulated embryonic stem cells into an early embryo. Production of the transgenic mice described above will facilitate the molecular elucidation of the role calumenin plays in embryonic development and gamma-carboxylation of proteins.

A transgenic mouse carrying the human calumenin gene is generated by direct replacement of the mouse calumenin gene with the human gene. These transgenic animals are useful for drug screening studies as animal models for human diseases and for identifying agents which modulate gamma carboxylation.

A transgenic animal carrying a “knock out” of calumenin is useful for assessing the role of calumenin in gamma carboxylation reactions. As yet another means to define the role that calumenin plays in mammalian systems, mice can be generated that cannot make calumenin protein because of a targeted mutational disruption of the calumenin gene.

The term “animal” is used herein to include all vertebrate animals, except humans. It also includes an individual animal in all stages of development, including embryonic and fetal stages. A “transgenic animal” is any animal containing one or more cells bearing genetic information altered or received, directly or indirectly, by deliberate genetic manipulation at the subcellular level, such as by targeted recombination or microinjection or infection with recombinant virus. The term “transgenic animal” is not meant to encompass classical cross-breeding or in vitro fertilization, but rather is meant to encompass animals in which one or more cells are altered by or receive a recombinant DNA molecule. This molecule may be specifically targeted to a defined genetic locus, be randomly integrated within a chromosome, or it may be extrachromosomally replicating DNA.

The term “germ cell line transgenic animal” refers to a transgenic animal in which the genetic alteration or genetic information was introduced into a germ line cell, thereby conferring the ability to transfer the genetic information to offspring. If such offspring, in fact, possess some or all of that alteration or genetic information, then they, too, are transgenic animals.

The alteration or genetic information may be foreign to the species of animal to which the recipient belongs, or foreign only to the particular individual recipient, or may be genetic information already possessed by the recipient. In the last case, the altered or introduced gene may be expressed differently than the native gene.

The altered calumenin gene generally should not fully encode the same calumenin protein native to the host animal and its expression product should be altered to a minor or great degree, or absent altogether. However, it is conceivable that a more modestly modified calumenin gene will fall within the scope of the present invention if it is a specific alteration.

The DNA used for altering a target gene may be obtained by a wide variety of techniques that include, but are not limited to, isolation from genomic sources, preparation of cDNAs from isolated mRNA templates, direct synthesis, or a combination thereof.

A type of target cell for transgene introduction is the embryonal stem cell (ES). ES cells may be obtained from pre-implantation embryos cultured in vitro (Evans et al., (1981) Nature 292:154-156; Bradley et al., (1984) Nature 309:255-258; Gossler et al., (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 83:9065-9069). Transgenes can be efficiently introduced into the ES cells by standard techniques such as DNA transfection or by retrovirus-mediated transduction. The resultant transformed ES cells can thereafter be combined with blastocysts from a non-human animal. The introduced ES cells thereafter colonize the embryo and contribute to the germ line of the resulting chimeric animal.

One approach to the problem of determining the contributions of individual genes and their expression products is to use isolated calumenin genes to selectively inactivate the wild-type gene in totipotent ES cells (such as those described above) and then generate transgenic mice. The use of gene-targeted ES cells in the generation of gene-targeted transgenic mice was described, and is reviewed elsewhere (Frohman et al., (1989) Cell 56:145-147; Bradley et al., (1992) Bio/Technology 10:534-539). Techniques are available to inactivate or alter any genetic region to a mutation desired by using targeted homologous recombination to insert specific changes into chromosomal alleles. However, in comparison with homologous extrachromosomal recombination, which occurs at a frequency approaching 100%, homologous plasmid-chromosome recombination was originally reported to only be detected at frequencies between 10⁻⁶ and 10⁻³. Nonhomologous plasmid-chromosome interactions are more frequent occurring at levels 10⁵-fold to 10²-fold greater than comparable homologous insertion.

To overcome this low proportion of targeted recombination in murine ES cells, various strategies have been developed to detect or select rare homologous recombinants. One approach for detecting homologous alteration events uses the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to screen pools of transformant cells for homologous insertion, followed by screening of individual clones. Alternatively, a positive genetic selection approach has been developed in which a marker gene is constructed which will only be active if homologous insertion occurs, allowing these recombinants to be selected directly. One of the most powerful approaches developed for selecting homologous recombinants is the positive-negative selection (PNS) method developed for genes for which no direct selection of the alteration exists. The PNS method is more efficient for targeting genes which are not expressed at high levels because the marker gene has its own promoter. Non-homologous recombinants are selected against by using the Herpes Simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) gene and selecting against its nonhomologous insertion with effective herpes drugs such as gancyclovir (GANC) or (1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-B-D arabinofluranosyl)-5-iodouracil, (FIAU). By this counter selection, the number of homologous recombinants in the surviving transformants can be increased.

In yet another approach, transgenic mice can be produced using technology provided in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,464,764 and 4,959,317 which describe the PNS method discussed above coupled with Cre-lox technology.

As used herein, a “targeted gene” or “knock-out” is a DNA sequence introduced into the germline or a non-human animal by way of human intervention, including but not limited to, the methods described herein. The targeted genes of the invention include DNA sequences which are designed to specifically alter cognate endogenous alleles.

Methods of use for the transgenic mice of the invention are also provided herein. Therapeutic agents which modulate calumenin function may be screened in studies using calumenin transgenic mice.

In another embodiment of the invention, calumenin knockout mice may be used to produce an array of monoclonal antibodies specific for calumenin protein.

As mentioned, several different gamma-carboxylated proteins can be produced using the cell line based methods described herein. The Genbank accession numbers for certain of these proteins are provided below.

 1) Rat gamma-carboxylase: gi: 6136262  2) Rat VKORC1 gi: 42627871  3) Human Factor IX gi: 825656  4) Human Prothrombin gi: 339641  5) Human Factor VII gi: 10518503  6) Human Protein C gi: 190323  7) Human Protein S gi: 190449  8) Human Protein Z gi: 6116779  9) Human GAS6 gi: 45576177 10) Human PRGP1 gi: 20140420 11) Human PRGP2 gi: 4506137 12) Human TmG3 gi: 31543811 13) Human TmG4 gi: 13129074 14) Human MGP gi: 47496663 15) Human Osteocalcin gi: 40316933

Definitions:

The phrase “gamma-carboxylated protein” as used herein refers to a class of proteins for which gamma-carboxylation is essential or enhances protein function. Such proteins include, without limitation, hFIX, hFVII, hFX, protein C, protein S, Protein Z, growth arrest protein 6 (GAS6), PRGP1, PRGP2, TmG3, TmG4, osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein (MGP).

“Nucleic acid” or a “nucleic acid molecule” as used herein refers to any DNA or RNA molecule, either single or double stranded and, if single stranded, the molecule of its complementary sequence in either linear or circular form. In discussing nucleic acid molecules, a sequence or structure of a particular nucleic acid molecule may be described herein according to the normal convention of providing the sequence in the 5′ to 3′ direction. With reference to nucleic acids of the invention, the term “isolated nucleic acid” is sometimes used. This term, when applied to DNA, refers to a DNA molecule mat is separated from sequences with which it is immediately contiguous in the naturally occurring genome of the organism in which it originated. For example, an “isolated nucleic acid” may comprise a DNA molecule inserted into a vector, such as a plasmid or virus vector; or integrated into the genomic DNA of a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell or host organism.

A “replicon” is any genetic element, for example, a plasmid, cosmid, bacmid, plastid, phage or virus, that is capable of replication largely under its own control. A replicon may be either RNA or DNA and may be single or double stranded, A “vector” is a replicon, such as a plasmid, cosmid, bacmid, phage or virus, to which another genetic sequence or element (either DNA or RNA) may be attached so as to bring about the replication of the attached sequence or element.

An “expression operon” refers to a nucleic acid segment that may possess transcriptional and translational control sequences, such as promoters, enhancers, translational start signals (e.g., ATG or AUG codons), polyadenylation signals, terminators, and the like, and which facilitate the expression of a polypeptide coding sequence in a host cell or organism.

The terms “transform”, “transfect”, “transduce”, shall refer to any method or means by which a nucleic acid is introduced into a cell or host organism and may be used interchangeably to convey the same meaning. Such methods include, but are not limited to, transfection, electroporation, microinjection, PEG-fusion and the like. The introduced nucleic acid may or may not be integrated (covalently linked) into nucleic acid of the recipient cell or organism. In plant and mammalian cells, for example, the introduced nucleic acid may be maintained as an episomal element or independent replicon such as a plasmid. Alternatively, the introduced nucleic acid may become integrated into the nucleic acid of the recipient cell or organism and be stably maintained in that cell or organism and further passed on or inherited to progeny cells or organisms of the recipient cell or organism. Finally, the introduced nucleic acid may exist in the recipient cell or host organism only transiently. Thus, the nucleic acids of the invention may be transiently or constitutively expressed in host cells.

The term “selectable marker gene” refers to a gene that when expressed confers a selectable phenotype, such as antibiotic resistance, on a transformed cell or plant.

A “coding sequence” or “coding region” refers to a nucleic acid molecule having sequence information necessary to produce a gene product, when the sequence is expressed.

The term “operably linked” means that the regulatory sequences necessary for expression of the coding sequence are placed in the DNA molecule in the appropriate positions relative to the coding sequence so as to effect expression of the coding sequence. This same definition is sometimes applied to the arrangement of transcription units and other transcription control elements (e.g. enhancers) in an expression vector.

The terms “promoter”, “promoter region” or “promoter sequence” refer generally to transcriptional regulatory regions of a gene, which may be found at the 5′or 3′ side of the coding region, or within the coding region, or within introns. Typically, a promoter is a DNA regulatory region capable of binding RNA polymerase in a cell and initiating transcription of a downstream (3′ direction) coding sequence. The typical 5′ promoter sequence is bounded at its 3′ terminus by the transcription initiation site and extends upstream (5′ direction) to include the minimum number of bases or elements necessary to initiate transcription at levels detectable above background. Within the promoter sequence is a transcription initiation site (conveniently defined by mapping with nuclease S1), as well as protein binding domains (consensus sequences) responsible for the binding of RNA polymerase. Promoters may drive expression of an operably linked coding sequence constitutively. Alternatively, inducible promoters which drive expression of an operably linked coding region upon stimulation with an inducing agent are also suitable for use in the invention. Promoters which drive expression of an operably linked coding sequence in a tissue specific manner (e.g., in the liver or endothelial cell) are known to those of skill in the art and can also be used in the methods of the present invention.

A “cell line” is a clone of a primary cell or cell population that is capable of stable growth in vitro for many generations. Many cell lines may be used in accordance with the present invention. These include, without limitation, CHO, BIM human kidney 293, Mouse C127, HeLa, 3T3, and MDCK. All of the cell lines listed are available from the American Tissue Type Collection.

The phrase “down regulation of calumenin expression” refers to the process of inhibiting or preventing expression of calumenin encoding nucleic acids or calumenin protein, thereby increasing the yield of gamma carboxylated proteins in VKCOR1 over-expressing cells. Calumenin expression can be down regulated using siRNA or antisense based technologies. Alternatively, cells can be obtained from calumenin knock-out animals, transfected with VKCOR1 and optionally immortalized. Calumenin from hamster has been sequenced. See GenBank accession number gi:63148518 and FIGS. 8A and 8B. Suitable antisense molecules can be designed which are optimally between 15 and 45 nucleotides in length, more preferably 20-30 nucleotides in length which hybridize the translational start site of calumenin encoding nucleic acid. Alternatively, the sequence information provided in FIG. 8 facilitates the production of calumenin knock out animals from which cells may be obtained for use in the methods of the present invention. Additionally mutants of calumenin are known in the art which exhibit reduced calumenin function. The use of such mutants is within the scope of the present invention.

The following examples are provided to illustrate certain embodiments of the invention. They are not intended to limit the invention in any way.

EXAMPLE Cell Lines For Improving Production Yield of hFIX

The following materials and methods are provided to facilitate the practice of Example 1.

Engineering of BHK Cell Lines Overexpressing r-hFIX and Proteins of the Vitamin K-Dependent γ-Carboxylation System:

Cloning of VKORC1 and γ-carboxylase cDNAs into the dual promoter vector plasmid pBUDCE4.1 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) and construction of the pLXIN retroviral vector (Clontech, Palo, Calif.) containing a human FIX construct as well as selection of clones of cells stably overexpressing the recombinant proteins are published in recent articles from our laboratory. As documented in the published studies (11, 17), it was found that BHK cells stably overexpressing r-hFIX and VKORC1 produced the highest amount of functional r-hFIX. These cells were selected for the studies described in this work.

Silencing of the γ-Carboxylation Inhibitor Calumenin in BHK Cells:

Hamster calumenin was cloned by our laboratory using standard technology and the cDNA sequenced on both strands. The sequence has been deposited in Gene Bank under the accession # gi:63148518. We provided DHARMACON, RNA Technologies, Lafayette, Colo. with the hamster calumenin cDNA sequence and ordered the siRNA SMART pool containing 50 nmols of a mixture of 4 oligonucleotides with potential for hamster calumenin mRNA destruction by RISC complexes. The four oligonucleotides have the following sequences:

GAACTCAAAGGCTGGATTA (SEQ ID NO: 3) TCACAACGATGCTCAGAAT (SEQ ID NO: 4) TCATTGATCTAGAAGAGTA (SEQ ID NO: 5) AGACATAGTTGTGCAGGAA (SEQ ID NO: 6) Transfection of the VKORC1+r-hFIX overproducing BHK cell line with the siRNA SMART pool oligonucleotides was carried out with Lipofectamine (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) according to the protocol provided by the company. SiRNA against human GAPDH was used as a positive control and a negative control consisted of a mixture of 4 scrambled siRNAs. Following transfection, cells were grown in DMEM containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 500 μg/ml G418 and 400 μg/ml Zeocin for 24 hours. The attached cells were then washed 2× with PBS and continued growing in DMEM without serum but with the addition of 5 μg/ml of vitamin K1 (AquaMEPHYTON, MERCK & CO; INC, Whitehouse, N.J.). After 24 hours in the serum free medium, medium was collected for r-hFIX purification and cells harvested for VKOR and γ-carboxylase activity measurements. Purification of Functional and Non Functional r-hFIX From Cell Medium:

Preparation of conformational specific and non conformational specific immunoaffinity columns for purification of functional and non functional r-hFIX respectively has been described recently by our laboratory for use in a tandem designed chromatography system for isolation of the two different pools of r-hFIX (11). Briefly, γ-carboxylated r-hFIX that was able to undergo the Ca²⁺-induced conformational change, characteristic of fully γ-carboxylated functional plasma factor IX, was purified from the cell medium by immunoaffinity chromatography on a column with hFIX conformational-specific antibodies as immobilized ligands. As indicated in the flow scheme shown in FIG. 7, these variants of r-hFIX were retained by and eluted from column 1 with 50 RIM EDTA (Fraction 1). Recombinant hFIX proteins that were unable to undergo this conformational change appeared in the void volume fraction (Void) from column 1. These variants of cell-produced r-hFIX were purified on an immunoaffinity column (column 2) with nonconformational-specific hFIX antibodies as immobilized ligands. They were eluted from the column with urea, pH 4, which resulted in Fraction 2 (FIG. 7). Thus, purification of fully γ-carboxylated r-hFIX, with coagulation factor activity, is based upon the conformational change the Gla region in the protein undergoes in the presence of Ca++ and the availability of antibodies that specifically recognize the Ca++ induced conformation (9,11). The non functional r-hFIX proteins in the medium is purified on an anti-human factor IX affinity column that recognizes all forms of human factor IX (11). Cellular production of functional r-hFIX is reported as % of total r-hFIX produced by the cells (11). As described in a previous article (11) digitized images of immunoreactive protein bands of functional r-hFIX and non functional r-hFIX on FUJI Medical X-Ray Film SuperRX (Fisher Scientific, Pittsburg, Pa.) were analyzed with Kodak 1D software (Eastman Kodak, Rochester, N.Y.) to determine the integrated areas representing the protein bands. For determination of r-hFIX protein content, standard curves of Western blots with known purified human FIX were established and compared to unknown samples. All measurements were adjusted to be in the linear range of the standard curve.

Construction of an Expression Plasmid With c-myc Epitope Tagged VKORC1:

The oligonucleotides used for rat VKORC1 PCR were: Sense primer 5′-AAA AAA AAG CTT GCC GCC ACC ATG GGC ACC ACC TGG AGG-3′(SEQ ID NO: 7) (underlined bases to generate Hind III site; bases in italics were used to generate a Kozak sequence). The antisense primer was 5′-AAA AAA TCT AGA GGG CTT TTT GAC CTT GTG TTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 8) (the underlined bases were used to generate a Xba I site. The stop codon was removed by adding the c-myc epitope).

The modified cDNA for rat VKORC1 was then cloned into the Hind HI and Xba I site of the pBUDCE4.1 vector under the control of a CMV promoter. The Xba I site fused the rat VKORC1 in frame with the c-myc epitope. The c-myc peptide sequence is EQKLISEEDL. The recombinant plasmid with cDNA for rat c-myc tagged-VKORC1 was sequenced on both strands to eliminate any PCR errors.

Selection of BHK Cell Lines Expressing c-myc-tagged VKORC1:

Plasmid pBUDCE4.1 with c-myc-tagged. VKORC1 was used to transfect BHK21 cells (ATCC number CCL-10). Cells were transfected using the FuGENE 6 transfection reagent from Roche Applied Science, Indianapolis, Ind. according to the manufacture's recommendations. After 24 hours of transfection, cells were passaged at 1:20 dilution into fresh growth medium (DMEM containing 10% fetal bovine serum) with Zeocin antibiotic for selective pressure (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.) at a concentration of 400 μg/ml. Medium containing 400 μg/ml zeocin was changed after every 2-3 days for 6 weeks. After selection of stable cell lines expressing rat c-myc-tagged-VKORC1 fusion protein, the cells were maintained in the presence of 200 μg/ml of zeocin in DMEM containing 10% fetal bovine serum.

Animals:

Male Sprague Dawley rats weighing 250-300 g were purchased from Zivic Miller Laboratories, Inc., Pittsburg, Pa. Rats were housed, fed and used for experiments as approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee at Wake Forest University School of Medicine. Liver microsomes were prepared as described by our laboratory (18).

Extraction of Microsomes:

For removal of microsomal luminal and peripherally bound membrane proteins, microsomes obtained from 4 g of rat liver were suspended in 8 ml of 100 mM Na₂CO₃, 1.2 M KCl, 0.025% deoxycholate, pH 11.5 with a Potter Elvehjelm glass homogenizer and centrifuged at 100,000×g for 45 min (14). The pellet was resuspended in 8 ml of 50 mM Tris base with the same homogenizer and centrifuged a second time at 100,000×g for 45 min. Pellets (extracted microsomes) were stored at −85° C. until used for experiments.

Enzyme Assays:

Warfarin sensitive VKOR activity was measured as described (19) by estimating the percent conversion of vitamin K₁ 2,3-epoxide (Vit.K>O) to vitamin K₁. The vitamin and the epoxide were separated on a reversed phase C18 column in 100% methanol and quantified against external standards. VKOR activity was either triggered with 5 mM DTT or 0.32 mM reduced RNAse. Reduced bovine RNAse was prepared according to a modified method originally described by Rupp et al. (20). One hundred mg RNAse was dissolved in 500 μl of 0.2 M Tris-Acetate, 6 M guanidinium hydrochloride, pH 8.0. Seventy-two mg DTT was added and the solution was left at 37 ° C. for one hour. Then the pH was adjusted to 4.0 with acetic acid and DTT, Tris and guanidinium hydrochloride removed by gel filtration on a column of Sephadex G-25 equilibrated in 0.1 M acetic acid. Prior to chromatography, the column resin and the 0.1 M acetic acid were saturated with N₂. The void volume fraction containing reduced RNAse was distributed into sealed 0.75 ml serum flasks filled with N₂ which were stored at 4° C. until use. Gamma-carboxylase activity was assayed as described (14) as ¹⁴CO₂ incorporation into the synthetic peptide FLEEL (FLEEL γ-carboxylation). The reaction was either triggered by adding chemically reduced vitamin K₁ H₂ (Vit.K₁H₂) (100 μg/ml) to the assay mixture or triggered by VKOR produced reduced Vit.K1H2 by adding 0.5 mM reduced RNAse and 40 μMVit.K>O. Both carboxylase assays were carried out as described (14) with saturating FLEEL concentration for the reactions. The PDI inhibitor bacitracin was added to the assay mixtures in the concentrations specified in the brief description of the drawings. Stock solutions of bacitracin were prepared in distilled water. Blood clotting activities of purified r-hFIX and plasma hFIX were determined with the Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APPT) kit APTT-SP (liquid)-0020006300 from Instrumentation Laboratory, Lexington, Mass. In order to determine the specific activity of a standard curve of dilutions of purified plasma hFIX was made. One unit of hFIX activity was defined as the activity of hFIX in one ml of pooled human plasma.

Immunoprecipitation, SDS PAGE and Western Blotting:

Extracted microsomal membranes were resuspended in buffer D (250 mM sodium phosphate, 0.5 M KCl, 20% glycerol, 0.75% CHAPS, pH 7.85 containing 10 μg/ml of the Sigma Protease Inhibitor Cocktail for use with mammalian cell and tissue extracts) using a Dounce homogenizer. For blocking of free thiol groups, 20 mg NEM was added per ml of buffer D before homogenizing. The protein concentration was 6.8 mg/ml. Prior to immunoprecipitation, the soluble membrane proteins in buffer D were gel filtrated into RIPA buffer (50 mM Iris, 1% NP-40, 0.25% deoxycholate, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.4 containing 10 μg/ml of the Sigma Protease Inhibitor Cocktail) and passed through an affinity column packed with a mixture of Sepharose-4B-Protein A and Sepharose-4B-Protein G equilibrated in RIPA buffer. The various antibodies that were used for immunoprecipitation were added to the pre-cleared samples at the concentrations specified in the figure legends. The mixtures were allowed to rotate overnight at 4° C. Depending on the antibody used for immunoprecipitation, Sepharose-Protein A or -Protein G beads were added to the samples respectively and the mixtures allowed to rotate for an additional 1 hour at 4° C. for binding of immune complexes to the beads. The beads were washed with RIPA buffer and 50 mM Tris base before immune complexes were released from the beads by boiling them in SDS-PAGE buffer containing no reductant. The beads were removed by centrifugation and the supernatant prepared for SDS-PAGE either as oxidized samples or reduced samples prepared by boiling the supernatant with 5% ME for 2 minutes. For Western blotting, proteins were transferred to PVDF membranes and developed with antibodies as described (21) using the ECL plus detection system from Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, N.J.

Immunoprecipitation of cell proteins was carried out as follows. Cells were washed and harvested in PBS and extracted with RIPA buffer containing 10 μg/ml of the Sigma protease inhibitor cocktail. Cell debris was removed by centrifugation and the supernatant pre-cleared by rotating it for 1 hour at 4° C. in the presence of a mixture of Sepharose 4B-Protein A and -Protein G beads. Addition of c-myc antibodies, isolation of immune complexes, SDS-PAGE and Western blotting were carried out as described above.

Materials:

Anti-PDI mouse monoclonal antibodies, cat # SPA-891, lot # B503461 were from Stressgen bioreagents, Victoria, British Colombia V8C 4B9, in Canada. Rabbit anti-rat VKORC1 antibodies made against the peptide epitope KAARARNEDYRALC (SEQ ID NO: 9) (17) were custom made by ALPHA Diagnostic, San Antonio, Tex. and affinity purified by our laboratory as described (17). Affinity purified rabbit peptide antibodies made against the peptide epitope YALHVK AARARDRDYRALC (SEQ ID NO: 10) from the human VKORC1 sequence were a kind gift from Dr. Allan Rettie, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. C-myc antibodies and anti-human GAPDH antibodies were from Abcam Inc., Cambridge, Mass.

Protein A-Sepharose, Protein-G-Sepharose, bovine ribonuclease B (RNAse), scrambled RNAse, bacitracin and monolconal anti-α-Actin antibodies were from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo. Rabbit polyclonal affinity purified anti-calumenin antibodies were prepared by our laboratory as described (18). Bovine and human factor IX purified from plasma were purchased from Enzyme Research Laboratories, South Bend, Ind. All other chemicals used were of highest quality. Human liver microsomes were from CellxDirect, Pittsboro, N.C.

Cloning of Human Factor IX into the pLXIN Retroviral Vector:

Plasmid pCMV5FIX containing the full length human factor DC (hFIX) cDNA was purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, Va., Cat# 79871). BamHI restriction sites were generated at the 5′ and 3′ ends of hFIX cDNA using PCR in order to clone the cDNA into the pLXIN retroviral vector (Clontech, Palo, Calif.) for expression in mammalian cell lines. Kozak sequence was also generated at the 5′ end of the hFIX cDNA. The oligonucleotides used for hFIX PCR were I) sense primer: 5′-GGA TCC GCC GCC ACC ATG CAG CGC GTG AAC ATG ATC (SEQ ID NO: 11); and 2) anti-sense primer: 5′-GGA TCC CTT TCA TTA AGT GAG CTT TG -3′ (SEQ ID NO: 12). Thirty five cycles of PCR were performed under the following conditions: Denature at 94° C. for 30 sec, anneal for 1 min at 55° C. followed by an extension at 72° C. for 7 min. The modified cDNA for human factor IX was then cloned into the BamHI site of the pLXIN vector under control of the CMV promoter. Recombinant plasmid with cDNA for hFIX was sequenced on both strands to eliminate any PCR errors.

Retroviral Packing:

PG 13 cells (kind gift from Dr. Charles Morrow, Department of Biochemisty, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, N.C.) were transfected with the pLXIN retroviral vector containing the hFIX insert for packing. Retroviral particles were harvested from the PG 13 cell medium 72 hours post transfection. Harvested medium was centrifuged at 3000×g to remove cell debris. The supernatant was collected and used to infect BHK cells and BHK cells engineered to over express γ-carboxylase, VKORC1 and VKORC1+γ-carboxylase respectively. Stable r-hFIX producing cell lines were selected with G418.

Cell Culture:

Cells were seeded and grown in DMEM containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 500 μg/ml G418 and 400 μg/ml Zeocin. At confluency, the attached cells were washed 2× with PBS and continued growing in DMEM without serum but with the addition of 5 mg/ml of vitamin K1 (AquaMEPHYTON, MERCK & CO; INC, Whitehouse, N.J.). After 24 hours the serum free medium was collected and used for purification of r-hFIX.

Preparation of hFIX Antibodies:

Purified human factor IX (HFIX 1009; 1.31 mg/ml) was purchased from Enzyme Research Laboratories, South Bend, Ind. Three hundred μg hFIX was emulsified in Freund's Complete Adjuvant (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) and used for intradermal injections in New Zeeland white female rabbits (Robinson Services Inc., Mocksville, N.C.). After 4 weeks, each rabbit was given a booster dose IP of 300 μg hFIX emulsified in Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant. One week after the booster dose, blood was drawn by air vein puncture. The rabbits were allowed to recover for 4 weeks before a second booster dose was given to obtain a second bleed. The entire procedure was carried out as approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee at Wake Forest University School of Medicine. The presence of antibodies in the rabbit sera was confirmed by Ouchterlony immuno diffusion. All sera showed the presence of precipitating anti-hFIX antibodies.

RESULTS Enhanced Cellular Production of Functional r-hFIX by siRNA Silencing of Calumeivin in BHK Cells Engineered to Overexpresss VKORC1 and r-hFIX

In a previous paper (11) r-hFIX producing BHK cells were engineered to stably over express various proteins known to belong to the vitamin K-dependent γ-carboxylation system (17). We showed that VKOR is the rate limiting step in this post translational protein modification system (11,14) and found that functional r-hFIX was produced at high levels in cells engineered to stably overexpress VKORC1, the γ-carboxylase cofactor producing enzyme of the vitamin K cycle (11). Here we set out to determine if reducing calumenin function in our engineered BHK cells would improve production of functional r-hFIX. Since the hamster genome is not known, we sequenced the hamster calumenin cDNA and provided DHARMACON with the hamster sequence (gi:63148518) for siRNA design. We ordered the SMART pool version of the technology which contained 50 nmols of 4 nucleotides with potential for hamster calumenin mRNA silencing. BHK cells stably overexpressing VKORC1 and r-hFIX were transfected with the various concentrations of the siRNA SMART pool shown in FIG. 1. The effect of siRNA silencing on γ-carboxylase and VKOR activities are shown in FIG. 1, A and B respectively. Also shown are Western blots of calumenin present in the different siRNA SMART pool treated cells and silencing of the protein in % of the control (0 nM siRNA). In addition, blotting with an α-Actin antibody is shown which verified equal loading of protein in each lane. As shown in FIG. 1A, γ-carboxylase activity measured as ¹⁴CO₂-γ-carboxylation of the peptide substrate FLEEL increased 3-fold in cell cultures containing 150-200 nM of the siRNA SMART pool. These concentrations of the siRNA SMART pool also had a smaller but significant activating effect on VKOR activity (FIG. 1B).

To determine if reducing calumenin function increased production of functional r-hFIX, r-hFIX was purified from the medium from (r-hFIX+VKORC1) overexpressing BHK cells that had been treated with 200 nM of the siRNA SMART pool and compared to the yield obtained from cells stably overexpressing (hFIX+VKORC1) but not treated with the SMART pool. Purification of functional and non functional r-hFIX from each medium was carried out by conformational and non-conformational specific immunoaffinity chromatograpy on anti-factor IX immobilized Sepharose as described in detail in a previous article (11). Functional r-hFIX purified from the 200 nM siRNA SMART pool medium had a specific activity of 147 units/mg and SDS-PAGE of the purified protein is shown in FIG. 2, panel II, lane r-HFIX. Factor IX purified from human and bovine plasmas are also shown in panel II, lanes HFIX and BFIX respectively. The stained SDS-PAGE gel showed that purified r-hFIX did not contain bovine FIX which potentially could have been a contaminant from fetal bovine serum used in the early stages of culturing engineered BHK cells for r-hFIX production and purification according to our published protocol (11). FIG. 2, panel III, shows Western blots of functional (lane; Frc. EDTA) and non-functional (lane; Frc.Urea) r-hFIX purified from (r-hFIX+VKORC1) overexpressing BHK cells that had not been treated (B) and treated (C) with 200 nM of the siRNA SMART pool. The intensity of the Western blots shown in each lane is representative for the total isolated amount of protein present in the various fractions of purified r-hFIX (see Experimental Procedures). As can be gleaned from FIG. 2, panel III, significantly more functional r-hFIX (Frc.EDTA) was produced by the (r-hFIX+VKORC1) overexpressing and SMART pool treated BHK cells (C) than from the (r-hFIX+VKORC1) overexpressing BHK cells where calumenin had not been silenced with the SMARTpool (B). Functional r-hFIX produced in % of total r-hFIX produced by; 1) r-hFIX overexpressing (A), 2) (r-hFIX+VKORC1) overexpressing (B) and 3) (r-hFIX+VKORC1) overexpressing and SMART pool treated (C) BHK cells is shown in FIG. 2, panel I. For (A), (B) and (C) shown as bar graphs in panel I, the yields were 18%, 50% and 80% respectively. We conclude from these data that silencing of the γ-carboxylase inhibitor calumenin in the (r-hFIX+VKORC1) overexpressing BHK cells significantly increased the cells capacity to γ-carboxylate the pool of recombinant human factor DC appearing in the lumen of the ER.

We have shown previously (11) that overexpression of r-hFIX by BHK cells, following retroviral infection and selection, results in clones of r-hFIX producing cells which produce the same amount of the recombinant protein whether or not the cells also overexpress proteins of the vitamin K-dependent γ-carboxylation system. In this study we found that treating the cells with the siRNA SMART pool also did not affect total synthesis of r-hFIX (data not shown). Synthesis of functional r-hFIX by the (VKORC1+r-hFIX) overexpressing and siRNA SMART pool treated BHK cells were estimated to be 13 μg/day/10⁶ cells in contrast 3 μg/day/10⁶ cells by BHK cells stably overexpressing only r-hFIX.

PDI, Forms a Complex With VKORC1 and Participates in γ-Carboxylation:

The in vivo electron donor for vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide reduction by VKOR of the vitamin K cycle has never been identified although a variety of candidate donors have been suggested including lipoamide (22), and thioredoxin (23). Based on experiments with crude rat liver microsomes, Soute et al. (15) found that reduced RNAse could “drive” γ-carboxylation of FLEEL and proposed that PDI, via oxidative refolding of newly synthesized proteins translocated into the ER, could be the ultimate source of energy and electrons needed for vitamin K₁ 2,3-epoxide reduction. However their model which included thioredoxin as an intermediate electron carrier between PDI and VKOR lost some attention when Preusch (24) showed that immunodepletion of thioredoxin from a microsomal in vitro system did not affect VKOR activity. We found the refolding hypothesis by thiol oxidation to be an attractive hypothesis and focused on PDI as a microsomal protein involved in transfer of electrons to the thioredoxin-like CXXC center in VKORC1. PDI is an abundant protein in the ER with a concentration that exceeds >2% of the total soluble proteins normally found in the lumen of liver microsomes (25). As described in a previous paper (17) we use a modified version of the conventional carbonate, pH 11.5 procedure to prepare microsomal membrane vesicles devoid of luminal as well as proteins bound peripherially to the ER membrane. These extracted vesicles are shown to harbor all protein components needed for operation of the vitamin K-dependent γ-carboxylation system and the system has high activity due to removal of the inhibitor calumenin by extraction (17). Thus we could prepare a highly active γ-carboxylation test system with a significantly reduced concentration of PDI. As shown in FIG. 3 we found that when reduced RNAse (black bar) was added to this test system, oxidative folding of RNAse could “drive” vitamin K₁ 2,3-epoxide reduction by the vitamin K cycle to produce reduced vitamin K₁H₂ cofactor for γ-carboxylase. Indeed, reduced RNAse triggered FLEEL γ-carboxylation to the same extent as chemically reduced vitamin K₁H₂ (shaded bar). This finding suggested that oxidative folding of RNAse was carried out by PDI present in the extracted microsomal membranes and that reoxidation of the CGHC center in the a′ domain of PDI (25) was either directly or indirectly responsible for reduction of the CXXC center in VKORC1. To provide more convincing data that PDI was involved, we included the PDI inhibitor bacitracin (26, 27) in our experiments. As shown in FIG. 4B there was a dose dependent inhibition of VKOR activity by bacitracin. RNAse with scrambled disulfide bounds, a competitive inhibitor of RNAse oxidative folding by PDI (28), was found also to inhibit VKOR activity (data not shown). On the other hand bacitracin had no effect on VKOR activity when vitamin K₁ 2,3-epoxide reduction was triggered with DTT (FIG. 4A) which confirmed earlier data showing that DTT directly can reduce the CXXC center in VKOR (14). Since reduced glutathione (29) and thioredoxin (24) had been eliminated as candidate reductants of the CXXC center in VKORC1, we set out to identify a putative red/ox intermediate complex formed between PDI and VKORC1. To prevent rapid disruption of the S-S linked intermediate we blocked free thiols with NEM. Blocking of the C-terminal Cys residue in the CXXC center has been shown to be important for preservation of such red/ox intermediates (30). FIG. 5 is a composite of several experiments and presents evidence for the existence of a PDI-VKORC1 complex. The figure has two panels labeled; I) Extracted Microsomal Membranes and II) Extracted Microsomal Membranes, Immunoprecipitates. Panel I, lane A shows Coomassie blue stained proteins present in the extracted microsomal membranes used for the experiments when separated by SDS-PAGE. St. is stained standard proteins. Lane C is a Western blot of the proteins seen in lane A with the anti-rat VKORC1 peptide antibodies prepared by our laboratory and described in (17). Lanes D and E are Western blots of extracted human and rat liver microsomes respectively with an anti-VKORC1 peptide antibody made against a peptide from human VKORC1 (see Experimental Procedures). Lane D shows two forms of VKORC1 with different molecular masses in humans while lane E shows that the rat has the form with the higher molecular mass and is recognized by the human peptide antibodies. The rat peptide antibodies prepared by our laboratory did not recognize human VKORCI (not shown). These blotting images convincingly demonstrated that the affinity purified anti-VKORC1 peptide antibodies recognize VKORC1 in the extracted microsomal membranes. Panel II, lane F shows a Western blot of an immunoprecipitate of PDI isolated with a PDI monoclonal antibody and developed with the same PDI antibody as the first antibody followed by horseradish peroxidase conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG as the second antibody. Thus in addition to the 55 kDa PDI protein, the heavy (HIgG) and light (LIgG) chains of the PDI mouse monoclonal antibody are seen. This precipitation experiment was done to demonstrate that PDI was present in the extracted microsomal membrane vesicles and that PDI could be immunoprecipitated from a solution of the extracted vesicles. Panel II, lanes G.Ox and G.Red show Western blots of immunoprecipitates obtained with the rat VKORC1 antibodies PDI mouse and developed with the PDI antibodies as the first antibody and visualized with horseradish peroxidase conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG as the second antibody. The individual samples loaded in lanes G.Ox and G.Red were not reduced and reduced with ME respectively prior to SDS-PAGE. Both lanes demonstrate the existence of a PDI-VKORC1 complex with an anticipated higher molecular weight than PDI. Importantly, the complex did not dissociate when reduced with ME prior to SDS-PAGE (lane G.Red.). Furthermore the PDI-VKORC1 complex was also seen whether or not free thiols had been blocked with NEM prior to electrophoresis. This suggests that VKORC1 and PDI are tightly associated in the ER membrane. We have also demonstrated the existence of the PDI-VKORC1 complex in HEK293 cells transfected with a c-myc-tagged VKORC1 construct. In this experiment c-myc antibodies were used to immunoprecipitate the complex from a RIPA buffer extract of the cells and the complex was identified with the PDI antibodies (see Experimental Procedures; gel image not shown).

DISCUSSION

The data presented herein demonstrate that calumenin is an inhibitor of the vitamin K-dependent γ-carboxylation system. These findings made us focus on siRNA silencing of calumenin in our BHK cells engineered to overexpress r-hFIX and components of the vitamin K-dependent γ-carboxylation system as a potential additional strategy to increase production of fully γ-carboxylated, functional r-hFIX. We demonstrate herein that this strategy was successful. BHK cells stably overexpressing VKORC1 and r-hFIX, when treated with 150-200 nM of the calumenin siRNA SMART pool, produced 80% of the r-hFIX as a functional coagulation factor as opposed to 18% produced by BHK cells relying on their endogenous vitamin K-dependent γ-carboxylation system for production. This translated into a cellular production of 13 μg/day/10⁶ cells by the (VKORC1+r-hFIX) overexpressing and calumenin silenced BHK cells as opposed to 3 μg/day/10⁶ cells of the BHK cells overexpressing only r-hFIX. In accordance with the present invention, a eukaryotic cell system with high capacity for post translational vitamin K-dependent γ-carboxylation of proteins has been created. This high capacity system relies on 1) overexpression of VKORC1, a subunit of the γ-carboxylase cofactor producing VKOR enzyme complex which is the rate limiting step in the system and 2) down regulation of the γ-carboxylation inhibitor calumenin. As demonstrated and discussed in a previous article (11), overexpression of γ-carboxylase inhibits production of functional r-hFIX by an unknown mechanism. However, because the endogenous γ-carboxylase has a high γ-carboxylation capacity, it can fully γ-carboxylate a large fraction of r-hFIX present in the ER if enough cofactor is available. The engineered BHK cell system does not restrict itself to production of r-hFIX. Theoretically, all proteins of the vitamin K-dependent protein family (1) could be overexpressed and highly produced as functional proteins by this cell system.

Calumenin is a member of the Ca++ binding CREC family of chaperone proteins found in the ER (31). Northern blot analyses have demonstrated high expression of calumenin in extrahepatic tissues which also exhibit low γ-carboxylation activity when compared to the liver (32).

The present study provides for the first time evidence that PDI, a thioredoxin like oxidoreductase and chaperone present at high concentration in the ER, associates with VKORCI to form the warfarin sensitive VKOR enzyme complex capable of reducing vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide to vitamin K1H2 (2). We (17) and Rost et al. (34) have shown by mutagenesis of the Cys residues in the thioredoxin like CXXC center in VKORC1 that the center is needed for electron transfer to vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide. VKORC1 also appears to harbor the vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide binding site in a location distant from the CXXC center (34). In the past several investigations have provided data which suggest that the anticoagulant warfarin exerts its pharmacological effect by preventing red/ox cycling of the CXXC center in VKORCI by binding to the center (2). Recent data by Rost et al, (34) further support this notion by identifying a Tyr residue close to the CXXC center which, when mutated, affects warfarin sensitivity of VKOR.

The finding that reduced RNAse can support γ-carboxylation and “drive” vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide reduction by the vitamin K cycle is consistent with the notion that PDI acts as the reductase for the CXXC center in VKORC1. Initially we expected PDI to form a VKORC1-S-S-PDI intermediate red/ox complex which, when stabilized by NEM labeling of the C-terminal Cys residue in the center, would dissociate upon reduction with ME prior to SDS-PAGE (30). On the contrary, we found the complex to be stable in SOS-PAGE both with and without disulfide reduction by ME. This suggests that part of the PDI protein pool in the ER forms a stable complex with the integral membrane protein VKORC1 (17). The complex remained intact in the extracted microsomes we prepared from rat liver microsomes.

PDI is organized into five domains (a, b, b′, a′ and c) where the a and a′ domains are homologous to thioredoxin and contain CGHC red/ox centers which mediate some of the PDI's activities including isomerase and oxido/reductase (25). It appears that the b′ domain primarily acts as the binding site for PDI substrates and that binding involves hydrophobic interactions (35). This would fit well with the hydrophobic environment around the CXXC center in VKORC1 (17) and potentially puts an unblocked thioredoxin a′ domain in close proximity to the CXXC center in VKORC1. Indeed it is well established that binding of PDI to other proteins does not necessarily involve its thiol red/ox centers (28), as oxidation of the reduced CGHC centers are carried out by the ER oxidase ERO1 (25).

PDI is known to be a subunit of other proteins including prolylhydroxylase (36), triglyderide transferase (37) and more recently NAD(P)H oxidase in vascular smooth muscle cells (28). Based on this knowledge and our finding of a complex between VKORC1 and PDI we propose that operation of the vitamin K cycle and post translational γ-carboxylation of proteins is linked to protein synthesis and oxidative fording of proteins in the ER. In the schematic drawing shown in FIG. 6, we propose that New Proteins become oxidatively folded by PDT which subsequently acquires reduced CGHC centers. A known pathway for PDI thiol reoxidation in the ER is oxidation by the ER oxidase ERO1 which ultimately leads to formation of H₂O (25,38). Our data support the notion that part of the reduced PDI protein pool becomes associated with VKORC1 in the ER membrane. We hypothesize that the reduced CGHC center in PDI “feeds” electrons into the CXXC center in VKORC1 for vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide reduction.

EXAMPLE 3 Increased Production of Factor VII

Cell lines that stably overexpress recombinant human factor VII and VKORC 1 are currently being developed. A cDNA vector comprising human factor VII cDNA was purchased from Biochain. The complete factor VII cDNA encoding the protein was amplified via PCR and cloned into a pBUDCE4.1 dual vector (Invitrogen). The cDNA PCR product was sequenced on both strands and confirmed to have no sequencing errors. We transfected BHK cells with the factor VII vector and isolated recombinant factor VII protein which was secreted into the medium. We used BaCitrate to absorb gamma-carboxylated factor VII from the medium. Shown in FIG. 10 is a Western blot of recombinant factor VII in the medium and after its absorption onto BaCitrate, which is the conventional method used to absorb fully gamma-caroxylated, active vitamin K-dependent proteins from plasma and cell media. The specific activity of the BaCitrate absorbed protein had specific activity that was close to purified plasma factor VII. Thus we have generated a vector which produces high levels of Factor VII with demonstrable specific activity in BIM cells.

To determine if siRNA silencing of calumenin in BHK cells stably transfected with VKORC1 and human FVII would increase the yield of functional recombinant factor FVII the following experiment was performed. A cell line was created by co-transfecting BHK cells with a mixture of pBUDCE4.1 vectors containing the VKORC1 cDNA and the human factor VII cDNA respectively. Stable cell lines were tested for increase in VKOR activity and factor VII production and one selected line among these was used for the experiments. Control cells were transient transfected with 100 μM of scrambled siRNA and test cells transfected with 100 μM of the SMART POOL siRNA made against hamster calumenin which we had used before to silence calumenin in BHK cells making r-hFIX. The control and the SMART pool cell lines were incubated for 48 hours and the medium harvested for collecting secreted factor VII.

The medium was diluted 8:1 with 2.83% barium citrate and 2.4 ml of 1 M BaCl₂ was added to 30 ml of the citrate containing medium. The Ba citrate salt was allowed to form by rotation in a large tube for 30 min and the salt collected by centrifugation at 4° C. at 2000×g. The salt was dissolved in 100 ml saline which subsequently was made 200 mM with new Ba citrate and 200 BaCl₂ to form a new salt precipitate for absorption of gamma-carboxylated factor VII. The salt was collected by centrifugation and resuspended in a small volume of 0.5 M EDTA, pH 7.6. The suspension was dialyzed against 0.5 M EDTA pH 7.6 until all salt and absorbed proteins were in solution. The solution was dialyzed extensively against Tris-buffered saline containing 5 mM benzamidine and concentrated on an Amicon Ultrafiltration Polyethersulfone Membrane (5,000 cut of) (Millipore). By measuring factor VII protein in the Ba-citrate absorbed protein fractions from control cells and calumenin SMART POOL siRNA treated cells we found 2.2-fold more factor VII in the fraction from the SMART POOL siRNA treated cells.

Since Ba-citrate absorption will bind fully gamma-carboxylated factor VII and not factor VII that has not been gamma-carboxylated, we conclude that silencing of calumenin enhances gamma-carboxylation of recombinant factor VII as we previously described for recombinant factor IX.

We also tested gamma-carboxylase activity in the control cells and the cells that were treated with the calumenin SMART POOL siRNA. The activity in control cells and in SMART POOL siRNA treated cells were 37,000 cpm/mg and 62,000 cpm/mg respectively. This control experiment shows that the siRNA SMART POOL had enhanced the gamma-carboxylation system in BHK cells needed for gamma-carboxylation of recombinant factor VII.

We have decided to include HEK 293 cells in our continued efforts to create “super cells” overexpressing the coagulation factors described herein. Suitable cells for this purpose will overexpress VKORC1 and underexpress the γ-carboxylase inhibitor calumenin, (e.g., the cells will contain siRNA which silences calumenin expression.

In connection with all of these efforts, the following recombinant cell lines have been or will be produced.

BHK Cells:

1. VKORC1+human Factor IX (retro virally introduced)+hair pin shRNA Vector (5584 bp) with HuSH shRNA against human calumenin (CALU). Selective markers: VKORC1, zeocin; Retroviral introduced Factor a, G418; shRNA, puromycin.

2. VKORC1+human Factor VII (retro virally introduced)+hair pin shRNA Vector (5584 bp) With Hu SH shRNA against human calumenin (CALU). Selective markers: VKORC1, zeocin; Retroviral introduced Factor VII, G418; shRNA, puromycin.

HET 293 Cells:

1. VKORC1+human Factor IX (retro virally introduced)+hair pin shRNA Vector (5584 bp) with HushRNA against human calumenin (CALU). Selective markers: VKORC1, zeocin; Retro virally introduced Factor IX, G418; shRNA, puromycin.

2. VKORC1+human Factor VII (retro virally introduced)+hair pin shRNA Vector (5584 bp) with HuSH shRNA against human calumenin (CALU). Selective markers: VKORC1, zeocin; Retro virally introduced Factor VII, G418; shRNA, puromycin.

The HuSH 29mer Constructs against human Calu RNA have been purchased from ORIGENE as one product of their supply of siRNAs made against all genes of the human genome (catalog # TR314215).

The 4 nucleotides listed below have been put into the pRSshRNA Vector with puromycin resistance. See description above and FIG. 11.

(SEQ ID NO: 13) T1356853 AAGCCTGAGATCAATAAGAAATGTTCAGG (SEQ ID NO: 14) T1356854 GACAAGGATGGAGACCTCATTGCCACCAA (SEQ ID NO: 15) T1356855 TGGACCTGCGACAGTTTCTTATGTGCCTG (SEQ ID NO: 16) TI356856 CACCAGAAGAGAGCAAGGAAAGGCTTGGA

The cells will be transfected with the various constructs listed in points 1 and 2 above, selected for antibiotic resistance and single cell colonies selected and expanded for. This should result in the production of homogenous cell lines which overexpress the clotting factors described herein. Many different transfection protocols are available to the skilled artisan and do not need to be listed here. See for Example Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Ausbel et al. eds., J.W. Wiley and Sons.

In summary, the present methods and cell lines provide the pharmaceutical industry with the means to significantly reduce the production costs associated with the synthesis of recombinant vitamin K-dependent proteins which include, without limitation, Factors IX and VII.

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1-34. (canceled)
 35. A method for the increased production of gamma-carboxylated proteins of interest comprising: a) providing a cell line which has been recombinantly engineered to overexpresses VKORC1 and an agent which down regulates the expression of calumenin in said cells, and; b) introducing a nucleic acid encoding the gamma-carboxylated protein of interest into the cells of step a) under conditions wherein protein encoded by said nucleic acid is produced.
 36. The method of claim 35, wherein said agent is selected from the group consisting of siRNA, and antisense oligonucleotides.
 37. The method of claim 35 or claim 36 comprising isolation and optionally purification of said gamma-carboxylated protein.
 38. The method of claim 35 wherein said protein is hFVII.
 39. The method of claim 35, wherein said protein is hFX.
 40. The method of claim 35, wherein said protein is selected from the group consisting of protein C, protein S and protein Z.
 41. The method of claim 35, wherein said protein is protein GAS6.
 42. The method of claim 35, wherein said protein is selected from the group consisting of PRGP1 and PRGP2.
 43. The method of claim 35, wherein said protein is selected from the group consisting of TmG3 and TmG4.
 44. The method of claim 35, wherein said protein is osteocalsin.
 45. The method of claim 35, wherein said protein is matrix Gla protein (MGP).
 46. A cell line for the elevated production of gamma-carboxylated proteins, comprising a vector expressing VKORC1, and a nucleic acid encoding a gamma-carboxylated protein of interest, and optionally, calumenin specific siRNA molecules or calumenin specific antisense oligonucleotides said cell line producing increased levels of said gamma-carboxylated protein relative to cell lines which do not overexpress VKORC1 and calumenin siRNA when present.
 47. The cell line of claim 46, selected from the group consisting of BHK cells, CHO cells, human kidney 293 cells, 3T3 cells, mouse C127 cells, MDCK cells, and HeLa cells.
 48. The cell line of claim 46, wherein said protein is hFVII.
 50. The cell line of claim 46, wherein said protein is hFX.
 51. The cell line of claim 16, wherein said protein is selected from the group consisting of protein C, protein S, protein Z, GAS6, PRGP1, PRGP2, TmG3, TmG4, osteocalsin, and matrix Gla protein (MGP).
 52. A method for the treatment of a coagulation disorder in a patient in need thereof, comprising administration of an effective amount of a gamma-carboxylated protein of claim 38 or claim
 39. 